Teaching Learning Process

psychological principles underlying a effective learning-teaching process.. . A few points from my side... . Teaching-learning process has roughly two sets of goals Narrow Goals :-> Helping the student to gain domain specific knowledge and skills. Broad Goals :-> Increasing intrinsic Motivation, creativity , achievement motivation , self-efficacy , social skills, skills to meet future life-challenges with success. . Psychological principles can help achieving in both Narrow and Broad Goals . For Narrow Goals : *Metamemory , memory strategies , pnemonics , method of locus , deep processing , metacognition. Metacognition . *Tackling Procrastination through randomized variable reinforcement schedule ..... Surprise quizzes , continuous evaluation.... Most Universities in India have either one end-sem exam , one mid-sem or just one annual-exam! Often students just study a few weeks before exam , 'Distributed study' is found to be more effective than 'Massed study'...... . *Mental Imagery of the study process, studies have found that students who visualize the process of study rather than visualizing outcome or no visualisation . * Behavioural Perspective : reinforcement, punishment . However one caution here , Carol Dweck warns that praise for "smartness" , "intelligence" , "natural abilities " may cause harm in the long run. . Praise 1 : "Wow! you must be very smart" Praise 2 : "Wow ! , you are sincere and hard working, with more efforts you can do even better" . If Praise 1 is given , child makes an implicit assumption that the success is not determined by efforts , but 'innate' and unchanging tendencies..... if child faces failure he can get demotivated ... He believes 'self' characteristics are fixed and efforts don't matter much. . Praise 2: receiving this type of praise , will believe that intelligence is not fixed and his efforts will help him.