Sunday, September 18, 2011
Saturday, September 3, 2011
Mains
Psychology (Optional) Syllabus for Main Examination
Paper-I : Foundations of Psychology
Section-A
1. Introduction : Psychology as a Science : Definitions and perspective. Psychology in relation to other social and natural sciences. Use of interdiciplinary approach.
2. Methods of Psychology : Characteristics and components of methods in psychology (induction, deduction and introspection). Observation, Survey, Laboratory and field experiments. Clinical and Case study. Experimental and quasi experimental methods.
3. Research methods and quantitative analysis : Major steps in psychological research (problem statement, hypothesis formulation, research design, sampling, tools of data collection, analysis and interpretation and report writing). Fundamental versus applied research. Methods of data collection (interview, observation, questionnaire and case study). Research Designs (Ex-post facto and experimental). Application of statistical techniques (t-test, one-way ANOVA correlation and regression and chi-square tests).
4. Development of Human Behaviour : The nature, origin and development. Role of genetic and environmental factors in determining human behaviour. Influence of cultural factors and socialisation. Life span development-the critical periods and their handling, Mastery of the developmental tasks. Influence of child rearing practices and its impact on the growth and development of the individual, concept of national character.
5. Attention and perception : Attention - factors, influencing attention including set and characteristics of stimulus. Sensation-concepts of threshold, absolute and difference thresholds, signal detection and vigilance. Definition and concept of perception, biological factors in perception. Perceptual organisation-influence of past experiences, Perceptual defence-factors influencing. Space and depth perception, size estimation and perceptual readiness.
6. Learning : Concepts and theories of learning (Pavlov, Skimer and Piaget). The processes of extinction, discrimination and generalisation. Programmed learning, probability learning, self instructional learning, concepts, types and the schedules of reinforcement. Modelling and social learning.
7. Memory : Concepts and definition of memory and forgetting, 7+/-2 concept and clumking Encoding, storage and retrieval. Factors influencing retention and foregetting. Theories of forgetting (Repression, Decay and Interference theories). The concept of reminiscence.
Section-B
8. Thinking and Problem Solving : Concept formation processes. Reasoning and problem solving. Creative thinking and fostering creativity. Information processing. Decision making and judgment.
9. Intelligence and Aptitude : Concept and definition of Intelligence and aptitude, Nature and theories of intelligence. Measurement of Intelligence and aptitude Concepts and measurement of emotional and multiple intelligence.
10. Motivation and Emotion : Definition and concepts. Theories and physiological basis of motivation and emotion. Measurement of motivation and emotion Motivation and emotion-their effects on behaviour.
11. Personality : Concept and definition of personality. Theories of personality (psychoanalytical, socio-cultural, interpersonal and developmental, humanistic, behaviouristic, trait and type approaches). Measurement of personality (projective tests, pencil-paper test). The Indian approach to Personality. Training for personality development.
12. Language and Communication : Human language-properties, structure and linguistic hierarchy, Language acquisition-predisposition, critical period hypothesis. Theories of language development (Skinner, Chomsky), Process and types of communication. Effective communication and training.
13. Attitudes, Values and Interests : Definitions, concepts of attitudes, values and interests. Components ofattitudes, values and interests. Formation and maintenance of attitudes. Measurement of attitudes, values and interests. Theories of attitudes, and attitudes changes, strategies for fostering values.
14. Recent Trends : Computer application in the Psychological laboratory and psychological testing. Artificial Intelligence. Psychocybernetics. Study of consciousness-sleep-wake schedules; dreams, stimulus deprivation, meditation, hypnotic/drug induced states. Extrasensory perception. Intersensory perception Simulation studies.
Paper-II Psychology : Issues and Applications
Section-A
1. Psychological Measurement of Individual Diference : The nature of individual differences. Characteristics and construction of standardized psychological tests. Types of psychological tests. Use, misuse and limitation of psychological tests. Ethical issues in the use of psychological tests.
2. Well being and Mental Disorders : Concept of health, positive health, well being and ill health. Mental disorders (Anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophernia and delusional disorders; personality disorders, substance abuse disorders). Causal factors in mental disorders. Factors influencing positive health, well being, life style and quality of life.
3. Therapeutic Approaches : Psychody-namic therapies. Behaviour therapies. Client centered therapy. Cognitive therapies. Indigenous therapies (Yoga, Reiki, Meditation) Biofeedback therapy. Prevention and rehabilitation of the mentally ill.
4. Work Psychology and Organisational Behaviour : Personnel selection and training. Use of Psychological tests in the industry. Training and human resource development. Theories of work motivation. Leadership and participatory management. Advertising and marketing.
5. Application of Psychology to Educational Field : Psychological principles underlying effective teaching-learning process.Learning styles Gifted, retarded, learning disabled and their training. Training for improving memory and better academic achievement. Personality development and value education, Educational, vocational guidance and Career counselling. Use of Psychological tests in educational institutions.
6. Communty Psychology : Definition and concept of Community Psychology. Role of community psychologists in social change. Use of small groups in social action. Arousing community consciousness and action for handling social problems. Group decision making and leadership for social change.
7. Rehabilitation Psychology : Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention programmes-role of psychologists. Organising of services for rehabilitation of physically, mentally and socially challenged persons including old persons. Rehabilitation of persons suffering from substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, criminal behaviours. Rehabilitation of victims of violence. Rehabiliation of HIV/.AIDS victims.
Section-B
8. Application of Psychology to disadvantaged groups : The concepts of disadvantaged, deprivation and socially deprived. Social, physical, cultural and economic consequences of disadvantaged and deprived groups. Educating and motivating the disadvantaged towards development.
9. Psychological and the problem of social integration : The concept of social integration. The problem of caste, class, religion and language conflicts and prejudice. Nature and manifestation of prejudice between the ingroup and outgroup. Casual factors of such conflicts and prejudices. Psychological strategies for handling the conflicts and prejudices. Measures to achieve social integration.
10. Application of psychology in Information Technology and Mass media : The present scenario of information technology and the mass media boom and the role of psychologists. Selection and training of psychology professionals to work in the field of IT and mass media. Distance learning through IT and mass media. Entrepre neurship through e-commerce. Multilevel marketing. Impact of TV and fostering value through IT and mass media. Psychological consequences of recent developments in Information Technology.
11. Application of Psychology in the field of Defence : The concept of Military psychology, Aviation psychology and Psychological warfare Role of Military psychologists in the defence. Selection, recruitment and training of personnel. Facilitating the process of adjustment of personnel to military life-Role of Counselling. Devising Psychological tests for defence personnel. Psychological disorders due to war. Human engineering in Defence.
12. Psychology and Economic development : Achievement motivation and economic development. Characteristics of entrepreneurial behavior. Motivating and Training people for entrepreneurship and economic development. Women Entrepreneurs. Consumer rights and consumer courts.
13. Application of psychology to environment and related fields : Environmental psychology-effects of noise, pollution and crowding. Population psychology-psychological consequences of population explosion and high population density. Motivating for small family norms. Impact of rapid scientific and technological growth on degradation of environment.
14. Other applications of psychology : Sports psychology-improving performance of sports, personnel, psychology and understanding of political behaviour. Voting behaviours. Psychology of corruption and strategies to deal with Psychology of terrorism.
Paper-I : Foundations of Psychology
Section-A
1. Introduction : Psychology as a Science : Definitions and perspective. Psychology in relation to other social and natural sciences. Use of interdiciplinary approach.
2. Methods of Psychology : Characteristics and components of methods in psychology (induction, deduction and introspection). Observation, Survey, Laboratory and field experiments. Clinical and Case study. Experimental and quasi experimental methods.
3. Research methods and quantitative analysis : Major steps in psychological research (problem statement, hypothesis formulation, research design, sampling, tools of data collection, analysis and interpretation and report writing). Fundamental versus applied research. Methods of data collection (interview, observation, questionnaire and case study). Research Designs (Ex-post facto and experimental). Application of statistical techniques (t-test, one-way ANOVA correlation and regression and chi-square tests).
4. Development of Human Behaviour : The nature, origin and development. Role of genetic and environmental factors in determining human behaviour. Influence of cultural factors and socialisation. Life span development-the critical periods and their handling, Mastery of the developmental tasks. Influence of child rearing practices and its impact on the growth and development of the individual, concept of national character.
5. Attention and perception : Attention - factors, influencing attention including set and characteristics of stimulus. Sensation-concepts of threshold, absolute and difference thresholds, signal detection and vigilance. Definition and concept of perception, biological factors in perception. Perceptual organisation-influence of past experiences, Perceptual defence-factors influencing. Space and depth perception, size estimation and perceptual readiness.
6. Learning : Concepts and theories of learning (Pavlov, Skimer and Piaget). The processes of extinction, discrimination and generalisation. Programmed learning, probability learning, self instructional learning, concepts, types and the schedules of reinforcement. Modelling and social learning.
7. Memory : Concepts and definition of memory and forgetting, 7+/-2 concept and clumking Encoding, storage and retrieval. Factors influencing retention and foregetting. Theories of forgetting (Repression, Decay and Interference theories). The concept of reminiscence.
Section-B
8. Thinking and Problem Solving : Concept formation processes. Reasoning and problem solving. Creative thinking and fostering creativity. Information processing. Decision making and judgment.
9. Intelligence and Aptitude : Concept and definition of Intelligence and aptitude, Nature and theories of intelligence. Measurement of Intelligence and aptitude Concepts and measurement of emotional and multiple intelligence.
10. Motivation and Emotion : Definition and concepts. Theories and physiological basis of motivation and emotion. Measurement of motivation and emotion Motivation and emotion-their effects on behaviour.
11. Personality : Concept and definition of personality. Theories of personality (psychoanalytical, socio-cultural, interpersonal and developmental, humanistic, behaviouristic, trait and type approaches). Measurement of personality (projective tests, pencil-paper test). The Indian approach to Personality. Training for personality development.
12. Language and Communication : Human language-properties, structure and linguistic hierarchy, Language acquisition-predisposition, critical period hypothesis. Theories of language development (Skinner, Chomsky), Process and types of communication. Effective communication and training.
13. Attitudes, Values and Interests : Definitions, concepts of attitudes, values and interests. Components ofattitudes, values and interests. Formation and maintenance of attitudes. Measurement of attitudes, values and interests. Theories of attitudes, and attitudes changes, strategies for fostering values.
14. Recent Trends : Computer application in the Psychological laboratory and psychological testing. Artificial Intelligence. Psychocybernetics. Study of consciousness-sleep-wake schedules; dreams, stimulus deprivation, meditation, hypnotic/drug induced states. Extrasensory perception. Intersensory perception Simulation studies.
Paper-II Psychology : Issues and Applications
Section-A
1. Psychological Measurement of Individual Diference : The nature of individual differences. Characteristics and construction of standardized psychological tests. Types of psychological tests. Use, misuse and limitation of psychological tests. Ethical issues in the use of psychological tests.
2. Well being and Mental Disorders : Concept of health, positive health, well being and ill health. Mental disorders (Anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophernia and delusional disorders; personality disorders, substance abuse disorders). Causal factors in mental disorders. Factors influencing positive health, well being, life style and quality of life.
3. Therapeutic Approaches : Psychody-namic therapies. Behaviour therapies. Client centered therapy. Cognitive therapies. Indigenous therapies (Yoga, Reiki, Meditation) Biofeedback therapy. Prevention and rehabilitation of the mentally ill.
4. Work Psychology and Organisational Behaviour : Personnel selection and training. Use of Psychological tests in the industry. Training and human resource development. Theories of work motivation. Leadership and participatory management. Advertising and marketing.
5. Application of Psychology to Educational Field : Psychological principles underlying effective teaching-learning process.Learning styles Gifted, retarded, learning disabled and their training. Training for improving memory and better academic achievement. Personality development and value education, Educational, vocational guidance and Career counselling. Use of Psychological tests in educational institutions.
6. Communty Psychology : Definition and concept of Community Psychology. Role of community psychologists in social change. Use of small groups in social action. Arousing community consciousness and action for handling social problems. Group decision making and leadership for social change.
7. Rehabilitation Psychology : Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention programmes-role of psychologists. Organising of services for rehabilitation of physically, mentally and socially challenged persons including old persons. Rehabilitation of persons suffering from substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, criminal behaviours. Rehabilitation of victims of violence. Rehabiliation of HIV/.AIDS victims.
Section-B
8. Application of Psychology to disadvantaged groups : The concepts of disadvantaged, deprivation and socially deprived. Social, physical, cultural and economic consequences of disadvantaged and deprived groups. Educating and motivating the disadvantaged towards development.
9. Psychological and the problem of social integration : The concept of social integration. The problem of caste, class, religion and language conflicts and prejudice. Nature and manifestation of prejudice between the ingroup and outgroup. Casual factors of such conflicts and prejudices. Psychological strategies for handling the conflicts and prejudices. Measures to achieve social integration.
10. Application of psychology in Information Technology and Mass media : The present scenario of information technology and the mass media boom and the role of psychologists. Selection and training of psychology professionals to work in the field of IT and mass media. Distance learning through IT and mass media. Entrepre neurship through e-commerce. Multilevel marketing. Impact of TV and fostering value through IT and mass media. Psychological consequences of recent developments in Information Technology.
11. Application of Psychology in the field of Defence : The concept of Military psychology, Aviation psychology and Psychological warfare Role of Military psychologists in the defence. Selection, recruitment and training of personnel. Facilitating the process of adjustment of personnel to military life-Role of Counselling. Devising Psychological tests for defence personnel. Psychological disorders due to war. Human engineering in Defence.
12. Psychology and Economic development : Achievement motivation and economic development. Characteristics of entrepreneurial behavior. Motivating and Training people for entrepreneurship and economic development. Women Entrepreneurs. Consumer rights and consumer courts.
13. Application of psychology to environment and related fields : Environmental psychology-effects of noise, pollution and crowding. Population psychology-psychological consequences of population explosion and high population density. Motivating for small family norms. Impact of rapid scientific and technological growth on degradation of environment.
14. Other applications of psychology : Sports psychology-improving performance of sports, personnel, psychology and understanding of political behaviour. Voting behaviours. Psychology of corruption and strategies to deal with Psychology of terrorism.
Friday, September 2, 2011
Writing
well mukul pathak notes is a basic reference material. but it is not sufficient. you need to refer Baron very thoroughly. you can note down case studies from it to improve ur answer.further you should refer to NCERT 11 and 12th class for paper two. for several topics i referred to internet.there is no dearth of materials on internet.but it requires joint effort as one cant cover alone entire topic thru internet.in my case my friend and me jointly updated our material from internet.especially for attention and perception,sports psychology,personality etc. further it is very important that you prepare gist/summary of each chapter along with relevant studies/expt in brief so that you can refer to them again and again as and when you need to. i prepared gist of almost all chapters which immensly helped towards the end.
anti envt
causes for anti envt:- 1)wrong attitudes (as mentioned already)
2) tokenism: ppl do ltl bit n assume they have done thr bit
3) denial: whr is envt change its not immideately visible....one may ask
4) rationalization: whn others dont do nethin y shud I?
5) bystander effect: of social psych. collective responsibilty gets divided among all so impulse to do nethin abt envt is very ltl
6) poor role models: various summits n how envt is not the real q but the politics that sabotages all genuine efforts
7) lack of identification: whith varuios org lyk green peace etc.they r still activists with banners n stuff for common ppl
many more can be added
remdies: 1) cognitive dissonance for attitude change
2) dealing with various rationalizations n defenses etc
3) gud ldrship
4) sensitzation thru mass media: showing hoe glaciers r really melting etc etc
1. Lack of incentive/reinforcement /punishment for engaging in this behavior
2.Lack of awareness /knowledge about what harm we are doing by engaging in anti-environment behavior
3.Some times mental disorder also increase the chance of anti-environmental behavior
Remedies:
1. Inclusion of pro- environment behavior in CRPs
2.Use of small groups for promotion of pro-envirn behaviour
or anti envt remedies
persuasive communication
fear appeal
are some additional points.
Mass Movement
Mass movements..!
1) Promising of glorious future by leaders.
2) Glorification of past and devaluation of present makes followers willing to sacrifice themselves for future goals.
3) People who are frustrated by their current state are soft targets of the persuasive appeals made by leaders of mass movements.
4) Also, people who have flawed self-concept try to escape it thru creation of an imaginary self and joining a collective whole.
5) Accumulation of pent up energy by means of long period of corruption which general public is facing. So this mass support is means of realising d accumulted pent up energy.
TOPIC:LEADERSHIP FOR SOCIAL CHANGE---
ABSOLUTE LINK WITH ANNA HAZARE...
WHAT ALL IS HE DOING? (TO ENGAGE PEOPLE TO THE CAUSE)
WHY ARE PEOPLE FOLLOWING HIM?(INTRINSIC N EXTRINSIC FACTORS)
AINT THERE AN INTELLECTUAL SECTION(HARSH MANDER ,ARUNA ROY,ARUNDHATI,SUKHDEO THORAT) WHICH DOES NOT SUPPORT HIM BUT STILL HE IS GETTING ALL THE SUPPORT.
CAN WE LINK PSYCHOLOGY OF CULTS GIVEN IN CICCARELLI WITH IT..OF COURSE WITH MINOR TWEAKS?
PEOPLE POUR IN ALL THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THIS ISSUE..
Disadvantaged Groups:
Disadvantaged Groups:
.
Teaching in Mother Tongue (Mohanty) to Tribals . Teachers from same community , if possible.
Minimizing chances of 'Self-fulfilling Prophecies' and Stereotype vulnerability...
.
Achievement Motivation training.
Schools can be good place for de/recategorization "Jigsaw Classroom" , etc.
.
Promoting 'Adolescence Resilence' amongst vulnerable teenagers by providing them Good role Models , taking parents and teachers into confidence for necessary changes, teaching social skills.
Ecological Perspective so that the CHild gets a good environment for learning.
Creativity :
Creativity :
Confluence approach towards creativity ....Providing good env. for creativity.
Teacher to encourage students to think 'out of the box'.... an new algorithm or a better way to solve mathematical problem....
Interdisciplinary approach :
Diversity breeds creativity .... eg an Aritificial Intelligence class to have students and faculty not only from Computer Science but also from Psycho. , Maths , Stats , neuroscience.
As Prof Yashpal says , innovations are more likely to take place at boundaries and intersection of an area rather than inside a "core" area.....
Programmed learning.
Programmed learning.
--------------------------
Motivation :
Motivation Theories:
Goal setting theories : teacher to have one-one meetings with the student to set challenging , achievable and interesting goals , and teacher to provide regular feedback to the student.
SDT : achieving intrinsic motivation towards the subject
-------------------
Developmental Psychology:
Piaget : Self-paced learning and teaching concepts at appropriate stage of development
eg , abstract concepts like "Freedom", "Liberty " , Quantum Mechanics,etc to be taught at Concrete Operations stage, etc.
Vygotsky : Scaffolding . teacher, peers helping student in achieving his true potential in ZPD.
Teaching Learning Process
psychological principles underlying a effective learning-teaching process..
.
A few points from my side...
.
Teaching-learning process has roughly two sets of goals
Narrow Goals :-> Helping the student to gain domain specific knowledge and skills.
Broad Goals :-> Increasing intrinsic Motivation, creativity , achievement motivation , self-efficacy , social skills, skills to meet future life-challenges with success.
.
Psychological principles can help achieving in both Narrow and Broad Goals
.
For Narrow Goals :
*Metamemory , memory strategies , pnemonics , method of locus , deep processing , metacognition.
Metacognition
.
*Tackling Procrastination through randomized variable reinforcement schedule ..... Surprise quizzes , continuous evaluation.... Most Universities in India have either one end-sem exam , one mid-sem or
just one annual-exam! Often students just study a few weeks before exam ,
'Distributed study' is found to be more effective than 'Massed study'......
.
*Mental Imagery of the study process, studies have found that students who visualize the process of study rather than visualizing outcome or no visualisation
.
* Behavioural Perspective : reinforcement, punishment
.
However one caution here , Carol Dweck warns that praise for "smartness" , "intelligence" , "natural abilities " may cause harm in the long run.
.
Praise 1 : "Wow! you must be very smart"
Praise 2 : "Wow ! , you are sincere and hard working, with more efforts you can do even better"
.
If Praise 1 is given , child makes an implicit assumption that the success is not determined by efforts ,
but 'innate' and unchanging tendencies..... if child faces failure he can get demotivated ...
He believes 'self' characteristics are fixed and efforts don't matter much.
.
Praise 2: receiving this type of praise , will believe that intelligence is not fixed and his efforts will help him.
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